The fifth seal
“When he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the witness they had borne. They cried out with a loud voice, ‘O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long before you will judge and avenge our blood on th…
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The Fourth Seal (cont.)
The Caesars
Pupienus Balbinus AD238On hearing the news of the defeat of the Gordians, the Senate hurriedly elected two men—Pupienus, a Senator, and Balbinus, a patrician—as co-regents. Pupienus marched against Maximinus and recruited German auxi…
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The history of the Roman Empire can be divided into three distinct periods, beginning with the time of the Kings (625–510BC). Republican Rome (510–31BC) ended with the assassination of Julius Caesar and the ascension of Augustus (27BC). This marked the period known as Imperial Rome (to AD476).
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The fourth seal
Jesus, the Lamb (6:1), opens the fourth seal and the fourth of the living creatures calls on John to witness the fourth horse and the rider named (v8) “Death”.
Pale horse
The Greek for the phrase “pale horse” is hippos chloros. From this word, chloros,…
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This black horse seal period was marked by mourning, distress, famine and plague. The impact of the general violence, bloodshed and brutality of the Caesars and the Praetorian military class was felt by the whole of Roman society, Patrician and Plebeian, Roman or Barbarian, Pagan or Christian.
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“When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, “Come!” And I looked, and behold, a black horse! And its rider had a pair of scales in his hand.” (Rev 6:5 ESV)
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“When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, ‘Come!’ And out came another horse, bright red. Its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth, so that people should slay one another, and he was given a great sword.” (Rev 6:3-4 ESV)
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In our last article we saw how Corinth was rebuilt as a Roman city. The construction was instigated by Julius Caesar making it quite different to Greek cities in the region. Old temples were restored and enlarged, new shops and markets were built, new water supplies were developed until it became a …
Athens was a place of learning and a centre of human wisdom which was greatly admired in the Roman Empire. It was known for hosting various schools of philosophy, and philosophers abounded, each one having disciples who lived in their presence and observed their way of life hundreds of years before …
Berea, pronounced Ver-ee-a in Greek, is 73km WSW of Thessaloniki and 511km NNW from Athens. Situated at the foot of the Vermio Mountains overlooking the plain below, Berea is a very old city and is mentioned by Thucydides in 432BC, which makes it older than Thessaloniki.
The most surprisi…
